Prison reform free essay sample

The primary concern about the jail change was about detachment of individuals in the detainment facilities. Individuals were being captured for the most dark things, kids, that would do minor crimes would be placed in jail with men and lady that would kill individuals. After the war in 1812, adolescent confinement habitats were worked to attempt to address the conduct of the youngsters. This was better than tossing them behind bars with developed men who were hard lawbreakers. Individuals who were intellectually sick were likewise placed into jail as a criminal.The detainment facilities in Massachusetts conditions were loathsome. The detainees were dealt with horrendously and if any detainee would get into mischief they would be placed in isolation. That is the place a detainee who accomplished something terrible in jail would need to spend their sentence in unadulterated seclusion away from every other person. They werent permitted to talk or do any kind of correspondence with any other individual. We will compose a custom paper test on Jail change or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Another type of discipline included to isolation was work. In 1821 , the detainees that were in isolation were going insane. Out of 80 detainees the greater part of them excluded self destruction or had mental breakdowns.This is the thing that made the penitentiaries have them work with hard work as opposed to having them in a room without anyone else throughout the day. Work the main time the detainee was permitted to converse with any other individual. The detainees were cruelly whipped, severely beaten, and frightfully tied. This grabbed the attention of one teacher named Dorothy Dixie. Grand were to look into anything about the jail change in the 1 asss, she would be the one you would locate the most data about. Throated Dixie was conceived in April 4, 1802. She was conceived in Hampered, Maine and was the most established of three children.She fled at age 12 from feeling ignored and mishandled. She went to live with her grandmother for a little while then moved in with her auntie in Worcester, Massachusetts. She was adult and scholarly for a young lady that was just 14. At this age she opened her first school and turned into an educator. In 1841 she was drawn closer by a man who was going to train a class in jail and he approached her for guidance. She chose to show the class herself and that changed her life until the end of time. She saw the detestations Of the jail and she away that the intellectually sick were placed in this jail with all the criminals.She at that point needed to roll out an improvement and improve the penitentiaries. She visited each jail in the territory of Massachusetts for a long time and did a very decoded report about the jail frameworks. She handed that report over to the Massachusetts lawmaking body. Regarding the intellectually sick as hoodlums instead of patients is to sentence them to mental passing, Throated Dixie said this. This report persuaded the territory of Massachusetts to improve jail conditions and made clinics for the intellectually sick. This exertion from Throated was a model for different states and had 15 different states affected to improve their penitentiaries.

Eight Years Wasted, the Economic Failures of the Bush Administration Essay Example for Free

Eight Years Wasted, the Economic Failures of the Bush Administration Essay Eight years squandered. That is the portrayal that befits the George W. Bramble organization of the United States somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2008. All things considered, this isn't an instance of uncalled for analysis of the Bush organization, as verified by Republican Senator John McCain who served in Bush’s period (Curl). As indicated by McCain as he battled for the administration in 2008, Bush spent a ton of the United States’ assets on the war in Iraq, which therefore prompted a monstrous monetary downturn (Curl). The most clear effects of Bush’s activities are reflected in the adjustments in pace of joblessness, swelling, cash flexibly in the United States, and moves in remote trade rates just as loan fees (National Organization for Women). Joblessness The pace of joblessness has especially been stressing since the period somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2001 when Bush took the authority of the United States (OECD). As indicated by Shi and Stevens, the pace of joblessness has been fluctuating quickly since 2000 when it was around 4. 0 percent (59). Inside longer than a time of Bush’s initiative, the joblessness rate shot up to 5. 8 percent in 2002 (59). Ladies and their families were especially influenced by the high pace of joblessness, as they would once in a while make a decent living toward the beginning of the Bush organization. Truth be told, as per the National Organization for Women, the year 2001 denoted the time of monstrous occupation misfortune among ladies in more than 40 years (National Organization for Women). Along this line, the Institute for Womens Policy Research revealed that in the period somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2004, ladies laborers lost more than 300,000 positions (National Organization for Women). In a similar expansiveness, joblessness rates among single parents increased of an effectively awful circumstance of 9. 5 percent to a more terrible degree of 10. 2 percent (National Organization for Women). Measurements from GPO Access show a dismal image of the expanding levels of joblessness since the year 2000 when the United States presidential political race that introduced President George Bush was held. In the figures gave, by and large non military personnel joblessness rate varied from 4. 0 percent in 2000 to 6. 7 percent in November 2008, which denoted the finish of the Bush organization (Table 1). Along a similar line, a similar pattern in joblessness rate was seen among various age gatherings, fa Another part of the Bush administration’s disappointment is an uncontrolled increment in expansion. Toward the start of the Bush organization in 2001, there was a prominent decrease in the costs all things considered and benefits when contrasted with the former year. Maybe this was a result of the exertion by Bush to satisfy crusade guarantees. The reality of the situation is that after 2001, the costs of all things went up, declining just marginally in 2003. From that point forward, there was a striking variance in the costs yet generally, the costs stayed at an unequaled high. Actually, the 4. 1 percent change in cost of things (Table 2) was the most elevated edge to have been recorded since the 6. 1 percent rate recorded in 1990 at the stature of the Gulf War (Irwin and Dan. ). The significant expenses of products and administrations saw during the Bush Administration not just influenced the money related places of numerous families yet additionally affected the people’s access to basic administrations, for example, human services (Atkinson and Hutto). As per Hanke, the 2003 United States statistics demonstrated that any group of three lived on a mean of $51 every day. This figure was shown up at utilizing a suspicion that childcare and human services administrations were completely financed by the legislature (United States Department of Labor). All things considered, this was not the situation for most families, as they needed to depend on their own way to help themselves. With regards to significant expense of wares and benefits and with specific reference to childcare and social insurance administrations, numerous families needed to spend as much as more than 20 percent of their salaries in quest for these administrations (Robinson). Concurring the New York Times, the Bush organization cut financing programs for some fundamental projects, for example, childcare, which were especially suitable for single parent family units (The High Cost of Health Care). This move was done as the organization planned for improving and extending other disagreeable projects, for example, advancement of marriage (United States Bureau of Statistics). In any case, the drawback of this point is that as center was moved to more up to date programs, the previously existing projects endured a considerably heavier blow as far as the over the top costs that must be acquired (The High Cost of Health Care). As indicated by Shi and Gregory, the most noteworthy number of individual without human services administrations was recorded in 2003 (60). This is on the grounds that most consideration was occupied to obtaining of other fundamental products and administrations, for example, food and lodging (The High Cost of Health Care). However president Bush despite everything demanded subsidizing the war to expel President Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. This activity can be considered as an instance of lost need in light of the fact that while President Bush was caught up with seeking after the United States international strategy, neighborhood issues (which maybe required more consideration) were tossed into confusion. Cash Supply During the Bush Administration, the flexibly of cash expanded, yet with certain vacillations. For example, the absolute estimation of the United States money, traveler’s checks, request stores and other checkable stores rose from $1087. 4 billion to a high of $1473. 1 billion in October 2008 (GPO Access). The high flexibly of cash doesn't suggest that the United States economy improved in the time of eight years. Or maybe, it is a sign the estimation of the United States dollar could have deteriorated (Crutsinger and Aversa). Hence, the huge entireties of cash discharged to subsidize the war in Iraq in 2003 didn't add any impulse to the United States economy (Crutsinger and Aversa). Rather, the economy got open to reference to a frail dollar against other world monetary standards. Notwithstanding the expansion in the entirety of cash, there was an increment in the red of local nonfinancial parts from $18,183. 6 billion out of 2000 to $32,436. 5 billion of every 2006 . This implies nonfinancial organizations progressively needed to get during the period of George W. Bramble. It accordingly no big surprise that the United States was disabled by an extraordinary monetary emergency just practically identical to the Great Depression towards the finish of Bush’s rule, the superseding factor being that the United States government had spent such a lot of cash on protection and war in Iraq and Afghanistan to the detriment of inside turn of events. Remote Exchange As referenced above, there was an essentially high flexibly of cash in the United States, which typically prompted devaluation of the United States dollar. What's more, the period was described by a high pace of expansion, inferring that significantly bigger entireties of cash would be utilized in purchasing items that would have been purchased economically in the prior period (Atkinson and Hutto). On the global scale, the significant expense of United States wares implied that merchants needed to pay bunches of cash to obtain the merchandise, which at last brought down the degree of universal exchange between the United States and different nations (Table 3). Thus, the United States dollar vacillated against other world monetary standards, for example, the Japanese yen, the Sterling Pound, Chinese yuan and the Australian dollar (Atkinson and Hutto). For example, the Sterling Pound traded at between $1. 9548 and $2. 0442 of every 2007 (Table 3), which was a huge variety. The solid dollar against the yen somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2002, which was the start of the Bush organization, debilitated importation by Japan from the United States (Atkinson and Hutto). Simultaneously, residents of the United States picked to import significant things, for example, vehicles to the detriment of the privately fabricated ones, along these lines putting the United States car industry in the mess in which it is today (OECD). The outcome of this is significant contenders, for example, the Japanese automakers have unfavorably influenced nearby automakers, for example, Ford, and the entire business has been reserved for recovery in the Economic Stimulus Package (OECD). Loan fees Government security yields and financing costs by and large declined somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2008. For example, the estimation of bills at sell off declined consistently from $ 5. 85 to $1. 01 of every 2003, except consistently rose from $1. 38 to $4. 73 of every 2006 (GPO Access). The low cost of bonds implied that banks were in a situation to buy greater government bonds, in this way redirecting their consideration from other budgetary help clients, for example, borrowers (Crutsinger and Aversa). At last, banks had to force high financing costs on the advances they offered to general society, inferring that most independent company holders and people were disabled by a gigantic credit crunch (Crutsinger and Aversa). The following credit crunch antagonistically influenced the United States economy especially towards the parts of the bargains of the Bush organization (Crutsinger and Aversa). Banks were generally influenced by the money related misfortunes and this required the Bush organization to think about taking responsibility for banks in an offer to shield them from crumbling (Crutsinger and Aversa). This move was anyway likewise badly arranged, as it would bring about pointless government consumption, coming about into higher swelling in the United States (Hanke). Also, there was no confirmation that with the government’s procurement of the banks, their exhibition would improve (Hanke). End Even however the world saw an enormous financial downturn, the misfortunes in the United States originated from the way that the Bush organization spent unreasonably on the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, which for the most part debilitated the exhibition of most neighborhood inst

Writing A Research Paper Essay

Writing A Research Paper EssayWriting a research paper essay, especially if you are not the best writer or just haven't written many of them before, can be quite a challenge. However, if you follow some tips that are included in this article, you can write an essay that you can be proud of. By following these tips, you will be able to create an essay that you can be proud of as well as impress those who read it. You should take note of all of the following tips if you want to write an essay that is completely unique and different from anything else out there.The first thing that you need to do is determine your topic. Research paper essay topics usually have a general theme that they cover, such as art, history, religion, philosophy, science, or just about anything else. However, you should not put too much pressure on yourself when it comes to choosing a topic for your research paper essay.Take some time to think about what you want to say about your topic. The only way to get it ri ght is to sit down and brainstorm about what you want to say and how you want to say it. Make sure that you take your time to consider everything that you want to say and not just 'throw it out there' and hope something will come of it.The next step that you need to take when writing a research paper essay is to come up with a list of supporting facts. Supporting facts are facts that will back up your points. These facts should not necessarily be 'proofs,' but rather ideas that support your points. In order to ensure that your supporting facts are strong, you need to write your ideas out carefully so that you can properly support them.When you are writing a research paper essay, make sure that you use the proper grammar and spelling. The last thing that you want to do is try to sound smart when you are trying to make a point about something that you are not actually good at. Be sure that you use the correct spellings and punctuation and that you use the proper grammar.When you are w riting a research paper essay, always keep in mind the style guide. This guide is given by the APA (American Psychological Association) and it is published on the APA website. This guide helps you to write an essay that is not only interesting but also grammatically correct. By keeping the APA style guide in mind, you will be able to write an essay that everyone will be impressed with.Finally, when you are writing a research paper essay, remember that you need to do your research. You need to put the information that you have gathered together in a way that is understandable and that allows you to have a coherent argument. As long as you know what you are talking about, you will be able to make your research paper argument both intriguing and convincing.These are the main tips that you need to know when you are writing research paper essays. If you follow these tips, you should be able to write an essay that you can be proud of.

Hofstede Cultures and Organizations - Software of the...

HOFSTEDE: Cultures And Organizations - Software of the Mind Culture as mental programming In Western languages culture commonly means civilization or refinement of the mind and in particular the results of such refinement, like education, art, and literature. This is culture in the narrow sense; culture one Culture as mental software, however, corresponds to a much broader use of the word which is common among social anthropologists: this is ‘culture two’. In social anthropology, culture is a catchword for all those patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting referred to in the previous paragraphs. Not only those activities supposed to refine the mind are included in culture two, but also the ordinary and menial things in life:†¦show more content†¦National culture differences â€Å"invention† of nations is recent ... nation is not the same as society formation of countries in Africa ... But forces push towards integration, - dominant language, common mass media, national army, ... Danger in thinking of â€Å"typically German† or â€Å"French† - just a matter of expediency DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL CULTURES Social anthropology In the first half of the twentieth century, social anthropology has developed the conviction that all societies, modern or traditional, face the same basic problems; only the answers differ. For some researchers the following issues qualify as common basic problems worldwide, with consequences for the functioning of societies, of groups within those societies, and of individuals within those groups: 1. Relation to authority 2. Conception of self, in particular: a. the relationship between individual and society, and b. the individuals concept of masculinity and femininity 3. Ways of dealing withShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture and Its Themes3065 Words   |  13 Pages2008 Organizational Culture and Its Themes Shili Sun School of Foreign Languages, Ludong University No.186 Hongqi Middle Road, Zhifu District, Yantai 264025, Shandong Province, China Tel: 86-535-668-1098 Abstract E-mail: shilisun@hotmail.com As one of the key ‘stable factors’, culture within an organization is playing a critical role in the organization’s everyday operations. Although the culture literature has at times focused on the culture of an organization as shared basic assumptionsRead MoreA Research On Cross Cultural Groups And Organisations1141 Words   |  5 PagesGeert Hofstede is a Dutch social psychologist well known for his pioneering research on cross-cultural groups and organisations. The author, in the book Culture and Organisations, describes national cultures as explainable along six dimensions: Individualism, Power Distance, Masculinity, Long Term Orientation, Uncertainty avoidance and Indulgence vs. restraint. Cultures play an important role in forming our ways of thinking, feeling and behaviour. Cultures differ from nations and regions. The authorRead MoreIntercultural Business Communication Assignment2649 Words   |  11 PagesHofstede article ‘Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith – a failure of analysis’: In particular, McSweeney questions the plausibility of national cultures being systematically causal, i.e. that the identification of the differences causes or leads directly to the behaviour of the nation or people from that nation. McSweeney is also concerned that Hofstede s work has led others to believe that influential national cultures exist and thatRead MoreCultural Differences and People Management2364 Words   |  10 Pages‘national culture’? And why do you think that French (2010:44) argues that ‘Culture remains a core concept both for students of business and managers in work organisations’? Abstract: The aim of this essay explains my knowledge and understanding about the term ’national culture’ and introduces the differences mentioned by the theorists such as, Hofstede, Trompenaars in the study as well as analyses a content that both business students and organisational managers in work should consider culture as aRead MoreDimensionalizing Cultures. the Hofstede Model in Context11051 Words   |  45 PagesConceptual Issues in Psychology and Culture 12-1-2011 Article 8 Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context Geert Hofstede Universities of Maastricht and Tilburg, The Netherlands, hofstede@bart.nl Recommended Citation Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 2. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8 This Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Article is brought to you for freeRead MoreExpanding Successfully in the Global Marketplace Essay2279 Words   |  10 Pagesmistake made is thinking there is a single national culture within India and that all individuals/social groups will behave the same regardless of geographic location (Prasso, 2007). According to Hofstede McCrae (2004) national culture differences in work-related values and personality traits â€Å"interact to shape the behavior of individuals and social groups†. By researching and understanding how various personality traits within the national culture interact, valuable insights for effectively outsourcingRead MoreDiversity in Multi-Cultural Teams Creates Potential Advantages2825 Words   |  12 Pages(Salas, Goodwin and Burke, 2009). In the future, the skill to cooperate with diverse cultures is a significant device for a successful business (Thomas and Inkson, 2004). Yet, divergence within multicultura l teams may create some drawbacks as well. Therefore, this essay aims to demonstrate whether the diversity in multicultural teams creates potential benefits. The essay will initially give the definition of culture and multicultural teams, then explore the advantages and disadvantages of diversityRead MoreArticle: Geert Hofstede vs. Fons Trompenaars4908 Words   |  20 PagesGeert Hofstede vs. Fons Trompenaars Introduction How do we market in different cultures? Although we have done many researches about the different cultures, marketing, which is as a discipline, has lagged behind other researches in recognizing the need for it. Before we have found the importance of marketing in different cultures, usually, the approach for marketing was too simple, and we often use the economic theory to explain facts and solve problems, however, international marketing andRead MoreCultural Influence on Organizational Practice5439 Words   |  22 Pages1. EXECUUITIVE SUMMARY Cultural influences on organizational cultures and practices have become a very important research topic in the field of management and organization since the last decades of the 20th century. National culture has been seen as one of the most influential situational factors, which determine organizational phenomena. More recently, after the collapse of socialism, the role of national culture in organizational practices in countries that are in transition is becoming aRead MoreRomanian and Swedish Culture Analysis Based on Hofstede Model4241 Words   |  17 Pagesdiffer in so many ways that it is sometimes surprising that they are part of the same continent, even if there are a few similarities, also. We tried to make a comparison between these two countries’cultures, even if we know so much about Romanian culture and less that about the Swedish one. Like other countries in the region, Romania has worked to create a legal framework consistent with a market economy and investment promotion. Gradually it is moving to strengthen tax administration, enhance

Essay on Victorian Age - 1258 Words

The Year 1837 was very significant. It was not only the year that Queen Victoria acceded the throne, but also the year that a new literary age was coined. The Victorian Age, more formally known, was a time of great prosperity in Great Britains literature. The Victorian Age produced a variety of changes. Political and social reform produced a variety of reading among all classes. The lower-class became more self-conscious, the middle class more powerful and the rich became more vulnerable. The novels of Charles Dickens, the poems of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning, the dramatic plays of Oscar Wilde, the scientific discoveries of the Darwins, and the religious revolt of Newman all helped to enhance learning and literacy in the†¦show more content†¦As the nineteenth century proceeded, these traditional customs were put into question by Erasmus Darwin and his grandson, Charles Darwin. Erasmus Darwin found that the world was not created in seven days in Zoomina, where he discovered that the evolutionary theory was unscientific. Charles Darwin wrote Origin of the Spec ies, causing full scale controversy in Europe. Darwin said that species survive and evolved by natural selection, or the survival of the fittest. The public debate over the evolution marked for Victorians a radical change in intellectual and religious life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The literature of the first four decades of the Victorian period could not help but reflect the social and intellectual controversies of the era. Writers including Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin attacked the problems directly, while Charles Dickens, George Eloit and Alfred Lord Tennyson dramatized the conflicts and challenges in their works. The most popular form for this type of dramatization was the novel. Victorian novels represented almost every aspect of nineteenth century Victorian life. Though poetry and prose were certainly distinguished, it was the novel that ultimately proved to be the Victorians special literary achievement. The Victorian novels most notable aspect was its diversity. The Victorian period produced a number of novelists whose work today would fit betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Elizabethan Age And The Victorian Age1611 Words   |  7 Pages or to explore the Victorian Age which lasted for nearly sixty-four years, wherein the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power?’ The indecision of choosing either Age, both important in the history of Britain, led to weighing the more informative of the two in the fields of the country’s military, government, economy, social hierarchy, and roles of men and women during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I or Queen Victoria; the Elizabethan Age and the Victorian Age named after them respectivelyRead MoreThe Influence Of The Victorian Age1151 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victoria n age began in 1837 and ended in 1901. Named after Queen Victoria, the era marked a prosperous period for England with many changes in various sectors. Its primary characterization lies in its rapid developments and changes in scientific, medical and technological knowledge. These factors motivated the country to move towards the age of optimism and confidence that resulted in economic prosperity and boom. The dynamics of the era led to various adversities that affected propriety, doubtRead MoreA Social Morality Of The Victorian Age1355 Words   |  6 PagesOscar Martin Professor Stephen Mendonca English 2323 2 August 2015 A Social Morality The Victorian age ranged from 1830 to 1901, during this time England reached its highest point as a world imperial power. Industrialization and the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) played a major role in England’s success. The overwhelming industrialization caused a population boom that changed England’s population from two million to six million people. The abundance of people created new social problemsRead MoreEssay on Marriage in the Victorian Age1814 Words   |  8 PagesMany people believe that marriage is important in this day and age, but it holds little significance compared to the importance of marriage in the Victorian era. In the Victorian era women were to get married to a man of the same or a better social status, be good wives, and be a mother to her husbands children. Very few marriages started with love, but a womans life is not complete without being married. Over time, the role of married women has evolved a great deal and they now have rights andRead MoreThe Victorian Age : An Upper Class Society1049 Words   |  5 PagesMary Dang Professor Suarez English 2323 26 October 2015 The Victorian Age: An Upper Class Society The Victorian Period, the years between 1837 and 1901, was named after the reign of the great Queen Victoria in English civilization. It was during her regime that England gained economic prosperity, experienced the rapid growth of the empire, encountered dramatic changes and religious beliefs. Various social classes represented the population of England, comprising of the upper class, the middle classRead MoreThe Life of Women in the Victorian Age Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagespowerful as men physically have long been a strong force in society, especially in the Victorian Age, where they had obvious contributions in ways that have seen positive effects to this present day. Prominent, among many other successful women of the Victorian age who departed from their usual roles assigned in the hierarchy of society were Florence Nightingale, Madam Curie and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The Victorian age is seen as a period of questioning of a woman’s traditional role in society as es tablishedRead MoreWomen s Rights During The Victorian Age1486 Words   |  6 Pagesrule of a female monarch, women faced many inequalities and suffering during the Victorian age. Examples of these inequalities include not having the right to vote, unequal educational and employment opportunities. Women were even denied the legal right to divorce in most cases. As the Norton Anthology states, these debates over women’s rights and their roles came to be known as the â€Å"woman question† by the Victorians. This lead to many conflicting struggles, such as the desire by all for women toRead MoreThe Age of Innocence - Womens Struggle With Victorian Dogma 823 Words   |  4 PagesUnlike Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Kà ¤stner’s Fabian, Edith Wharton’s Pulitzer Prize winning work, The Age of Innocence (1920) is not set after World War I. In fact, her work is set prior to it at the turn of the century. She describes Old New York from late 19th and early 20th century in great detail, â€Å"New York society and customs†¦are described with an accuracy that is almost uncanny: to read these pages is to live again.† She also looks at the upper class, instead of middle and lower classRead MoreAlfred Tennyson, often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry.1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Victorian age was an age where many changes occurred socially, economically, and industrially. People began to explore into areas such as the earth, the human body, and how to benefit the daily lives of individuals. English literature was also something that was beginning to be developed. Historically, it began when Queen Victoria was anointed to the thrown in 1837 and brought a new prosperity to England. She held the throne for 63 years which is the longest monarch to hold the thrownRead MoreThe Romantic Age vs. The Victorian Period Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romantic Age and Victorian Period had many similarities, but they had just as many or more differences. They first differed in rule; the Romantic Age didnt have a king or queen, but they did during the Victorian Period. They were similar and different in writing styles, and beliefs. The Industrial Revolution also had a huge effect on both time periods. The Romantic Period was from 1784 until 1832, it brought a more brave, individual, and imaginative approach to both literature and life. During

Essay on Victorian Age - 1258 Words

The Year 1837 was very significant. It was not only the year that Queen Victoria acceded the throne, but also the year that a new literary age was coined. The Victorian Age, more formally known, was a time of great prosperity in Great Britains literature. The Victorian Age produced a variety of changes. Political and social reform produced a variety of reading among all classes. The lower-class became more self-conscious, the middle class more powerful and the rich became more vulnerable. The novels of Charles Dickens, the poems of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning, the dramatic plays of Oscar Wilde, the scientific discoveries of the Darwins, and the religious revolt of Newman all helped to enhance learning and literacy in the†¦show more content†¦As the nineteenth century proceeded, these traditional customs were put into question by Erasmus Darwin and his grandson, Charles Darwin. Erasmus Darwin found that the world was not created in seven days in Zoomina, where he discovered that the evolutionary theory was unscientific. Charles Darwin wrote Origin of the Spec ies, causing full scale controversy in Europe. Darwin said that species survive and evolved by natural selection, or the survival of the fittest. The public debate over the evolution marked for Victorians a radical change in intellectual and religious life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The literature of the first four decades of the Victorian period could not help but reflect the social and intellectual controversies of the era. Writers including Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin attacked the problems directly, while Charles Dickens, George Eloit and Alfred Lord Tennyson dramatized the conflicts and challenges in their works. The most popular form for this type of dramatization was the novel. Victorian novels represented almost every aspect of nineteenth century Victorian life. Though poetry and prose were certainly distinguished, it was the novel that ultimately proved to be the Victorians special literary achievement. The Victorian novels most notable aspect was its diversity. The Victorian period produced a number of novelists whose work today would fit betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Elizabethan Age And The Victorian Age1611 Words   |  7 Pages or to explore the Victorian Age which lasted for nearly sixty-four years, wherein the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power?’ The indecision of choosing either Age, both important in the history of Britain, led to weighing the more informative of the two in the fields of the country’s military, government, economy, social hierarchy, and roles of men and women during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I or Queen Victoria; the Elizabethan Age and the Victorian Age named after them respectivelyRead MoreThe Influence Of The Victorian Age1151 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victoria n age began in 1837 and ended in 1901. Named after Queen Victoria, the era marked a prosperous period for England with many changes in various sectors. Its primary characterization lies in its rapid developments and changes in scientific, medical and technological knowledge. These factors motivated the country to move towards the age of optimism and confidence that resulted in economic prosperity and boom. The dynamics of the era led to various adversities that affected propriety, doubtRead MoreA Social Morality Of The Victorian Age1355 Words   |  6 PagesOscar Martin Professor Stephen Mendonca English 2323 2 August 2015 A Social Morality The Victorian age ranged from 1830 to 1901, during this time England reached its highest point as a world imperial power. Industrialization and the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) played a major role in England’s success. The overwhelming industrialization caused a population boom that changed England’s population from two million to six million people. The abundance of people created new social problemsRead MoreEssay on Marriage in the Victorian Age1814 Words   |  8 PagesMany people believe that marriage is important in this day and age, but it holds little significance compared to the importance of marriage in the Victorian era. In the Victorian era women were to get married to a man of the same or a better social status, be good wives, and be a mother to her husbands children. Very few marriages started with love, but a womans life is not complete without being married. Over time, the role of married women has evolved a great deal and they now have rights andRead MoreThe Victorian Age : An Upper Class Society1049 Words   |  5 PagesMary Dang Professor Suarez English 2323 26 October 2015 The Victorian Age: An Upper Class Society The Victorian Period, the years between 1837 and 1901, was named after the reign of the great Queen Victoria in English civilization. It was during her regime that England gained economic prosperity, experienced the rapid growth of the empire, encountered dramatic changes and religious beliefs. Various social classes represented the population of England, comprising of the upper class, the middle classRead MoreThe Life of Women in the Victorian Age Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagespowerful as men physically have long been a strong force in society, especially in the Victorian Age, where they had obvious contributions in ways that have seen positive effects to this present day. Prominent, among many other successful women of the Victorian age who departed from their usual roles assigned in the hierarchy of society were Florence Nightingale, Madam Curie and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The Victorian age is seen as a period of questioning of a woman’s traditional role in society as es tablishedRead MoreWomen s Rights During The Victorian Age1486 Words   |  6 Pagesrule of a female monarch, women faced many inequalities and suffering during the Victorian age. Examples of these inequalities include not having the right to vote, unequal educational and employment opportunities. Women were even denied the legal right to divorce in most cases. As the Norton Anthology states, these debates over women’s rights and their roles came to be known as the â€Å"woman question† by the Victorians. This lead to many conflicting struggles, such as the desire by all for women toRead MoreThe Age of Innocence - Womens Struggle With Victorian Dogma 823 Words   |  4 PagesUnlike Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Kà ¤stner’s Fabian, Edith Wharton’s Pulitzer Prize winning work, The Age of Innocence (1920) is not set after World War I. In fact, her work is set prior to it at the turn of the century. She describes Old New York from late 19th and early 20th century in great detail, â€Å"New York society and customs†¦are described with an accuracy that is almost uncanny: to read these pages is to live again.† She also looks at the upper class, instead of middle and lower classRead MoreAlfred Tennyson, often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry.1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Victorian age was an age where many changes occurred socially, economically, and industrially. People began to explore into areas such as the earth, the human body, and how to benefit the daily lives of individuals. English literature was also something that was beginning to be developed. Historically, it began when Queen Victoria was anointed to the thrown in 1837 and brought a new prosperity to England. She held the throne for 63 years which is the longest monarch to hold the thrownRead MoreThe Romantic Age vs. The Victorian Period Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romantic Age and Victorian Period had many similarities, but they had just as many or more differences. They first differed in rule; the Romantic Age didnt have a king or queen, but they did during the Victorian Period. They were similar and different in writing styles, and beliefs. The Industrial Revolution also had a huge effect on both time periods. The Romantic Period was from 1784 until 1832, it brought a more brave, individual, and imaginative approach to both literature and life. During

Essay on Victorian Age - 1258 Words

The Year 1837 was very significant. It was not only the year that Queen Victoria acceded the throne, but also the year that a new literary age was coined. The Victorian Age, more formally known, was a time of great prosperity in Great Britains literature. The Victorian Age produced a variety of changes. Political and social reform produced a variety of reading among all classes. The lower-class became more self-conscious, the middle class more powerful and the rich became more vulnerable. The novels of Charles Dickens, the poems of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning, the dramatic plays of Oscar Wilde, the scientific discoveries of the Darwins, and the religious revolt of Newman all helped to enhance learning and literacy in the†¦show more content†¦As the nineteenth century proceeded, these traditional customs were put into question by Erasmus Darwin and his grandson, Charles Darwin. Erasmus Darwin found that the world was not created in seven days in Zoomina, where he discovered that the evolutionary theory was unscientific. Charles Darwin wrote Origin of the Spec ies, causing full scale controversy in Europe. Darwin said that species survive and evolved by natural selection, or the survival of the fittest. The public debate over the evolution marked for Victorians a radical change in intellectual and religious life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The literature of the first four decades of the Victorian period could not help but reflect the social and intellectual controversies of the era. Writers including Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin attacked the problems directly, while Charles Dickens, George Eloit and Alfred Lord Tennyson dramatized the conflicts and challenges in their works. The most popular form for this type of dramatization was the novel. Victorian novels represented almost every aspect of nineteenth century Victorian life. Though poetry and prose were certainly distinguished, it was the novel that ultimately proved to be the Victorians special literary achievement. The Victorian novels most notable aspect was its diversity. The Victorian period produced a number of novelists whose work today would fit betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Elizabethan Age And The Victorian Age1611 Words   |  7 Pages or to explore the Victorian Age which lasted for nearly sixty-four years, wherein the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power?’ The indecision of choosing either Age, both important in the history of Britain, led to weighing the more informative of the two in the fields of the country’s military, government, economy, social hierarchy, and roles of men and women during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I or Queen Victoria; the Elizabethan Age and the Victorian Age named after them respectivelyRead MoreThe Influence Of The Victorian Age1151 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victoria n age began in 1837 and ended in 1901. Named after Queen Victoria, the era marked a prosperous period for England with many changes in various sectors. Its primary characterization lies in its rapid developments and changes in scientific, medical and technological knowledge. These factors motivated the country to move towards the age of optimism and confidence that resulted in economic prosperity and boom. The dynamics of the era led to various adversities that affected propriety, doubtRead MoreA Social Morality Of The Victorian Age1355 Words   |  6 PagesOscar Martin Professor Stephen Mendonca English 2323 2 August 2015 A Social Morality The Victorian age ranged from 1830 to 1901, during this time England reached its highest point as a world imperial power. Industrialization and the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) played a major role in England’s success. The overwhelming industrialization caused a population boom that changed England’s population from two million to six million people. The abundance of people created new social problemsRead MoreEssay on Marriage in the Victorian Age1814 Words   |  8 PagesMany people believe that marriage is important in this day and age, but it holds little significance compared to the importance of marriage in the Victorian era. In the Victorian era women were to get married to a man of the same or a better social status, be good wives, and be a mother to her husbands children. Very few marriages started with love, but a womans life is not complete without being married. Over time, the role of married women has evolved a great deal and they now have rights andRead MoreThe Victorian Age : An Upper Class Society1049 Words   |  5 PagesMary Dang Professor Suarez English 2323 26 October 2015 The Victorian Age: An Upper Class Society The Victorian Period, the years between 1837 and 1901, was named after the reign of the great Queen Victoria in English civilization. It was during her regime that England gained economic prosperity, experienced the rapid growth of the empire, encountered dramatic changes and religious beliefs. Various social classes represented the population of England, comprising of the upper class, the middle classRead MoreThe Life of Women in the Victorian Age Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagespowerful as men physically have long been a strong force in society, especially in the Victorian Age, where they had obvious contributions in ways that have seen positive effects to this present day. Prominent, among many other successful women of the Victorian age who departed from their usual roles assigned in the hierarchy of society were Florence Nightingale, Madam Curie and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The Victorian age is seen as a period of questioning of a woman’s traditional role in society as es tablishedRead MoreWomen s Rights During The Victorian Age1486 Words   |  6 Pagesrule of a female monarch, women faced many inequalities and suffering during the Victorian age. Examples of these inequalities include not having the right to vote, unequal educational and employment opportunities. Women were even denied the legal right to divorce in most cases. As the Norton Anthology states, these debates over women’s rights and their roles came to be known as the â€Å"woman question† by the Victorians. This lead to many conflicting struggles, such as the desire by all for women toRead MoreThe Age of Innocence - Womens Struggle With Victorian Dogma 823 Words   |  4 PagesUnlike Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Kà ¤stner’s Fabian, Edith Wharton’s Pulitzer Prize winning work, The Age of Innocence (1920) is not set after World War I. In fact, her work is set prior to it at the turn of the century. She describes Old New York from late 19th and early 20th century in great detail, â€Å"New York society and customs†¦are described with an accuracy that is almost uncanny: to read these pages is to live again.† She also looks at the upper class, instead of middle and lower classRead MoreAlfred Tennyson, often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry.1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Victorian age was an age where many changes occurred socially, economically, and industrially. People began to explore into areas such as the earth, the human body, and how to benefit the daily lives of individuals. English literature was also something that was beginning to be developed. Historically, it began when Queen Victoria was anointed to the thrown in 1837 and brought a new prosperity to England. She held the throne for 63 years which is the longest monarch to hold the thrownRead MoreThe Romantic Age vs. The Victorian Period Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romantic Age and Victorian Period had many similarities, but they had just as many or more differences. They first differed in rule; the Romantic Age didnt have a king or queen, but they did during the Victorian Period. They were similar and different in writing styles, and beliefs. The Industrial Revolution also had a huge effect on both time periods. The Romantic Period was from 1784 until 1832, it brought a more brave, individual, and imaginative approach to both literature and life. During

Essay on Victorian Age - 1258 Words

The Year 1837 was very significant. It was not only the year that Queen Victoria acceded the throne, but also the year that a new literary age was coined. The Victorian Age, more formally known, was a time of great prosperity in Great Britains literature. The Victorian Age produced a variety of changes. Political and social reform produced a variety of reading among all classes. The lower-class became more self-conscious, the middle class more powerful and the rich became more vulnerable. The novels of Charles Dickens, the poems of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning, the dramatic plays of Oscar Wilde, the scientific discoveries of the Darwins, and the religious revolt of Newman all helped to enhance learning and literacy in the†¦show more content†¦As the nineteenth century proceeded, these traditional customs were put into question by Erasmus Darwin and his grandson, Charles Darwin. Erasmus Darwin found that the world was not created in seven days in Zoomina, where he discovered that the evolutionary theory was unscientific. Charles Darwin wrote Origin of the Spec ies, causing full scale controversy in Europe. Darwin said that species survive and evolved by natural selection, or the survival of the fittest. The public debate over the evolution marked for Victorians a radical change in intellectual and religious life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The literature of the first four decades of the Victorian period could not help but reflect the social and intellectual controversies of the era. Writers including Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin attacked the problems directly, while Charles Dickens, George Eloit and Alfred Lord Tennyson dramatized the conflicts and challenges in their works. The most popular form for this type of dramatization was the novel. Victorian novels represented almost every aspect of nineteenth century Victorian life. Though poetry and prose were certainly distinguished, it was the novel that ultimately proved to be the Victorians special literary achievement. The Victorian novels most notable aspect was its diversity. The Victorian period produced a number of novelists whose work today would fit betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Elizabethan Age And The Victorian Age1611 Words   |  7 Pages or to explore the Victorian Age which lasted for nearly sixty-four years, wherein the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power?’ The indecision of choosing either Age, both important in the history of Britain, led to weighing the more informative of the two in the fields of the country’s military, government, economy, social hierarchy, and roles of men and women during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I or Queen Victoria; the Elizabethan Age and the Victorian Age named after them respectivelyRead MoreThe Influence Of The Victorian Age1151 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victoria n age began in 1837 and ended in 1901. Named after Queen Victoria, the era marked a prosperous period for England with many changes in various sectors. Its primary characterization lies in its rapid developments and changes in scientific, medical and technological knowledge. These factors motivated the country to move towards the age of optimism and confidence that resulted in economic prosperity and boom. The dynamics of the era led to various adversities that affected propriety, doubtRead MoreA Social Morality Of The Victorian Age1355 Words   |  6 PagesOscar Martin Professor Stephen Mendonca English 2323 2 August 2015 A Social Morality The Victorian age ranged from 1830 to 1901, during this time England reached its highest point as a world imperial power. Industrialization and the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) played a major role in England’s success. The overwhelming industrialization caused a population boom that changed England’s population from two million to six million people. The abundance of people created new social problemsRead MoreEssay on Marriage in the Victorian Age1814 Words   |  8 PagesMany people believe that marriage is important in this day and age, but it holds little significance compared to the importance of marriage in the Victorian era. In the Victorian era women were to get married to a man of the same or a better social status, be good wives, and be a mother to her husbands children. Very few marriages started with love, but a womans life is not complete without being married. Over time, the role of married women has evolved a great deal and they now have rights andRead MoreThe Victorian Age : An Upper Class Society1049 Words   |  5 PagesMary Dang Professor Suarez English 2323 26 October 2015 The Victorian Age: An Upper Class Society The Victorian Period, the years between 1837 and 1901, was named after the reign of the great Queen Victoria in English civilization. It was during her regime that England gained economic prosperity, experienced the rapid growth of the empire, encountered dramatic changes and religious beliefs. Various social classes represented the population of England, comprising of the upper class, the middle classRead MoreThe Life of Women in the Victorian Age Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagespowerful as men physically have long been a strong force in society, especially in the Victorian Age, where they had obvious contributions in ways that have seen positive effects to this present day. Prominent, among many other successful women of the Victorian age who departed from their usual roles assigned in the hierarchy of society were Florence Nightingale, Madam Curie and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The Victorian age is seen as a period of questioning of a woman’s traditional role in society as es tablishedRead MoreWomen s Rights During The Victorian Age1486 Words   |  6 Pagesrule of a female monarch, women faced many inequalities and suffering during the Victorian age. Examples of these inequalities include not having the right to vote, unequal educational and employment opportunities. Women were even denied the legal right to divorce in most cases. As the Norton Anthology states, these debates over women’s rights and their roles came to be known as the â€Å"woman question† by the Victorians. This lead to many conflicting struggles, such as the desire by all for women toRead MoreThe Age of Innocence - Womens Struggle With Victorian Dogma 823 Words   |  4 PagesUnlike Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Kà ¤stner’s Fabian, Edith Wharton’s Pulitzer Prize winning work, The Age of Innocence (1920) is not set after World War I. In fact, her work is set prior to it at the turn of the century. She describes Old New York from late 19th and early 20th century in great detail, â€Å"New York society and customs†¦are described with an accuracy that is almost uncanny: to read these pages is to live again.† She also looks at the upper class, instead of middle and lower classRead MoreAlfred Tennyson, often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry.1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Victorian age was an age where many changes occurred socially, economically, and industrially. People began to explore into areas such as the earth, the human body, and how to benefit the daily lives of individuals. English literature was also something that was beginning to be developed. Historically, it began when Queen Victoria was anointed to the thrown in 1837 and brought a new prosperity to England. She held the throne for 63 years which is the longest monarch to hold the thrownRead MoreThe Romantic Age vs. The Victorian Period Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Romantic Age and Victorian Period had many similarities, but they had just as many or more differences. They first differed in rule; the Romantic Age didnt have a king or queen, but they did during the Victorian Period. They were similar and different in writing styles, and beliefs. The Industrial Revolution also had a huge effect on both time periods. The Romantic Period was from 1784 until 1832, it brought a more brave, individual, and imaginative approach to both literature and life. During

Corporal Punishment and Children - 1935 Words

Is corporal punishment needed to discipline children? This is a very controversial question that is often debated. Even with as many arguments as there are against corporal punishment, there are also arguments for such punishment for children. This is something that tends to happen in both home and school settings. This type of punishment is very hurtful to the child and can have lasting effects on the child throughout their life. It can cause damage to relationships. It can also cause many different psychological problems as they get older. While some may not agree, there are other ways to discipline children that can be just as effective without causing any harm. What exactly is corporal punishment? Often referred to as child abuse,†¦show more content†¦Self-esteem and self-worth are often thought of as the same thing, but they are actually very different. Self-esteem is defined as, â€Å"a confidence and satisfaction in oneself† (Merriam-Webster.com, 2013). Self-worth is defined as, â€Å"respect for or a favorable opinion of oneself† (Merriam-Webster, 2013). Thinking highly of yourself and respecting yourself are very important and those that have been abused often think of themselves as unworthy and unlovable. Aggression is often also an issue for those that were disciplined using corporal punishment. They are taught by what is being done to them, for example, being spanked, that it is then okay for them to hit others when others do something that displeases them. This attitude is then carried over into adulthood and those children, now adults, will be more prone to getting into physical fights with others, with thei r spouse, and will be more likely to use corporal punishment on their own children (Morris amp; Gibson, 2011). Just as there are many different ways to negatively punish your child, there are just as many ways to properly discipline your child. Positive reinforcement is what is often considered to be the most effective way to get an undesirable behavior stopped. Positive reinforcement does not damage the parent-child relationship, and it also does not cause the child any negative psychological problems such as anxiety and fear. PositiveShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment Of Children.981 Words   |  4 Pages Corporal Punishment of Children When I was in middle school at St. Mary’s Catholic School, in Ethiopia, I used to see our teachers using different techniques to punish my classmates. I remember an incident in middle school where a friend of mine was punished in a harmful way because he failed to answer a question. Although the use of corporal punishment in schools is intended to change the behavior of the student, teachers should not be allowedRead MoreThe Corporal Punishment Of Children1223 Words   |  5 Pages Corporal Punishment of Children Thesis: Although using the corporal punishment method in schools is intended to change the behavior of the student, teachers should not be allowed to use this method to punish students because it’s not effective for the child’s behavioral change, and it affects the child’s behavior mentally and physically. I.Hurts the child physically and abuses the child right II. Destructive rather than constructive A. Many people believe that corporal punishment is a methodRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe term corporal punishment is defined as the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of correction or control of the child’s behavior Seven nations Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Italy and Cyprus-have laws making it illicit for parents to utilize physical discipline on their children. Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in every one of the nations in Europe, South and Central America, China and JapanRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1708 Words   |  7 Pagesviewpoint on corporal punishment; some of the reviews take a look at who is most affected by corporal punishment in terms of focusing their lens on race, socio-economic status, gender, culture etc. Some also take a critical look at the advantages and disadvantages of corporal punishment. Some take a look at the widespread of corporal punishment in the US. Cases against corporal punishment and the effect of corporal punishment on children were also looked into. With all the different ways corporal punishmentRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1617 Words   |  7 Pagesof any child’s life is a huge determinate of what their future will turn out to be. Parenting styles are the normative prototypes that parents utilize to socialize and manage their children. Different parents employ different styles of discipline to ensure that their children develop to be all-rounded adults. Children who have been nurtured well by their parents turn up as self-regulated with disciplined behavior. Child discipline is thus a key parenting skill, and the choice of discipline styleRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children932 Words   |  4 PagesChildren and Corporal Punishment Punishing children has been one of the most controversial parenting topics this generation has seen. Physical punishment or corporal punishment is simple defined as the use of physical force with the purpose of initiating pain, but not wound, to teach the proper behavior of a child. Corporal punishment has been used for many centuries in schools and in homes but the use of such techniques have since decreased and are not being used in many places today. EvidenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children953 Words   |  4 Pagesmany views of the past relating to corporal punishment have changed significantly. During my readings I read things that instantly stood out to me. The first being how many issues and their solutions revolved around religion. John Wesley, was the founder of the Methodist Movement, and he believed that children were born with sin and that it was the parental duty to discipline the unruly child, starting at an early age. During this time period, corporal punishment was a common practice. Wesley usedRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children2225 Words   |  9 Pagesinternet that will point out the simple pros and cons of Corporal punishment. Many children psychologists state that violence will always produce violence, it will never reduce aggression. This is a generally accepted fact that has been proven and studied for decades. Will someone such as a child, not act out against an aggressor because of the natural drive to preserve their inherited material? There are usually four things that children who have experienced child abuse will do in later years. OneRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1860 Words   |  8 PagesReading/Writing L9 17 March 2015 Corporal Punishment by Spanking in Children Corporal punishment is hared way for children. According to Carol Bower, in the article Positive Discipline and a Ban on Corporal Punishment Will Help Stop Cycles of Violence. parents rely on corporal punishment on their children because violence is an acceptable way to solve problems. â€Å"The data showed that 57% of parents with children under 18 used corporal punishment, and 33% used severe corporal punishment in the form of beatings†Read MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On School Children1251 Words   |  6 Pagesdistribute our findings so that all of the public cannot ignore the wholesale infliction of pain and suffering onto our school children, and the role â€Å"paddling† schools play in teaching our children that physically aggressive and coercive resolutions of conflict are legitimate. Contributing to the problem of violence by making children feel rejected and isolated, corporal punishment is unsafe in and of itself, but its discriminate application may be co-incident with problems unique to racial and gender

Develop an Android App Blood Group Managment System

Question: Discuss about the Develop an Android App for Blood Group Managment System. Answer: Introduction to the project Blood group refers to the tiny particles or components within the blood of any human being that help determine the suitability or compatibility of ones blood with another. As such it is usually the case when carrying out blood transfusion. These components must, therefore, be studied and grouped appropriately to avoid any mix up whenever emergencies arise [6] Most hospitals within the United Kingdom have given numerous reports indicating the difficulty they go through when handling emergency cases that require a blood transfusion. So many lives have been lost because of this too [9]. A proper blood group system made available not just to health facilities but also the general public could prove to be a very useful tool in reducing and possibly eliminating such deaths [8]. Objectives of the project To come up with a creatively designed system to help manage all the blood group types and also be able to store additional information about an individuals health status even in their phones. Additionally, it aims at enhancing the dispensation of blood transfusion services to the general public in case of any emergencies [11]. Problem statement This project was enthused by a careful and comprehensive study of the existing healthcare management systems used by all healthcare facilities within the United Kingdom [10]. It became very apparent that there was not a single system employed in the management of patients blood group. A study conducted earlier on also revealed that the public has limited knowledge about their blood group types, therefore making this available on their mobile phones would be of great help to them. Literature review Blood is conventionally termed as the universal most precious element in saving lives as it saves countless lives across the globe with various conditions. A blood bank refers to a place or a storage facility designed to warehouse blood products and blood. Typically, the word blood bank refers to a section of a health care facility laboratory where blood is stored and tested to lessen risks of transfusion-related happenings. Blood bank information systems provide essential functionalities so that individuals can gain quick access to donor records from different countries across the globe. A group blood management is one that is designed to help in the proper storage, processing, retrieval and analysis of all information related to a blood storage facility. The system described here is always meant for hospitals and usually not available to the general public to facilitate their management and ease in responding to emergencies [11]. According to the World Health Organization, most blood banks have an inventory management system that is usually restricted to the personnel working within those institutions. Therefore, it creates a huge gap between those who are made in charge of such agencies and those who are meant to use their services. Patients that require quick and emergency blood transfusion usually have difficulty when it comes to getting the right blood type to facilitate this process thus leading to massive loss of lives. Recently, research suggests that there are some existing systems such as the Blood Connect. Blood Connect and E-Blood Bank. Blood Connect was unveiled as a project under NSS IIT Delhi in India on 1st April 2010 with an apparent objective to solve the problem shortage of blood in India. According to WHO, India faces of three million blood units. It was suggested that such a scenario would be eliminated if two percent of Indias youth donates blood. Therefore, Blood Connect was launched to act as a channel in connecting voluntary donors with needy recipients. Currently, Blood Connect has developed a 360-degree solution to the problem of blood shortage. On the other hand, E-Blood Bank was launched in India primarily to connect blood donors and blood recipients. The application works in such a way that a recipient can locate a matching donor. The application was designed in such a way that push notifications enables informs recipients in need of the location of hospitals in the local area that has a matching blood donor in their blood banks[11]. Making this system simpler and available on any Android-based device will be a bold move towards the dissemination of these services to a phone user in the United Kingdom and the world as a whole. This system once downloaded and installed by a mobile phone user, will be able to store information about their blood group, the availability of such a blood group and also go ahead to calculate the possible blood groups for their relations with children, parents, and other close relatives. This results in the generation of a tree diagram with clear indication and illustration of the most important health information about these people [12]. This android based system is supposed to carry the following functions: Facilitate the online movement of blood from one bank to another. Check and confirm the availability of a particular type of blood group in any medical treatment center in the United Kingdom and the world as a whole. Relay information about a patients blood group and where they can find the most suitable blood type in case of any emergency Proper record keeping of all medical information related to all possible donors thus making it easy to fast track. Gaps in literature In as much as several studies have been conducted in this area, most of these studies relate to causes of the poor blood bank management system (WHO and UNESCO, 2008) where tripling human population strain the few blood storage facilities. Few of these studies major on the lack of scientific information to back the theoretical findings and lack of community awareness particularly in all level of the society on the need to have information related to their blood group at their fingertips [11]. This research proposal, therefore, highlights the need for sampling of all the available blood group management techniques and systems and coming up with a more refined and inclusive system that is not only used by healthcare centers but also by individuals all over the world [14]. Project tools and resources The completion of this project will require the following tools that will aid in the carrying out of research and information analysis. Data collection tools such as pens, books, well-equipped library System development instruments such as coding and programming technology Web hosting services. Software development and analysis technique. Methodology This project uses the waterfall model of presentation as it requires a full completion of a particular phase or stage before moving to the next level of the project. This model is also the most suitable for this project since this project is very direct and has no uncertainties at all. The initial stage of the project involves the gathering of all the requirements and tools needed for all the activities. The second stage includes the design of the whole system that should be used in managing the blood group and how they should be segmented. This stage also involves looking at the hosting and other web services related to this server [16]. An implementation and testing phase then sets in. Here, the blood group management system is put into practice and tested for any loopholes or necessary improvements as required. Once all the necessary requirements and changes have been made to the system, the whole server can now be moved and deployed to all the centers that require that use it and also to be added to all the android servers so that all users can reach and download them [15] Because of certain unforeseen circumstances, this system may require maintenance from time to time. Such improvements may include updates of the software and enhancing user experience. The waterfall method is preferred because it is easy and simple to use; ease in managing the system related to the model and also suitable when it comes to handling small projects like this. Also, a number of challenges such as making it difficult to make changes to the system once the testing stage is attained. Bibliography [1]"Blood Bank Management System", Bbmspunjab.gov.in, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://bbmspunjab.gov.in/. [Accessed: 23- Aug- 2016]. [2]J. Howse and A. Jha, Android application programming with OpenCV. Birmingham, England: Packt Publishing, 2013. [3]J. Sheusi, Android application development for Java programmers. Boston, MA: Course Technology PTR, 2013. [4]D. Torres Milano, Android application testing guide. Birmingham, U.K.: Packt Pub., 2011. [5]J. Ellis, American Creation. New York: A. A. Knopf, 2007. [6]R. Bremner, Chairman of the Fed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. [7]K. LAN and Y. ZHANG, "Application of Android in remote medical information system", Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1790-1792, 2013. [8]K. Koek, "Application of Android OS as real-time control platform", automat, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 197, 2013. [9]P. Papapetrou and J. Lalou, Android application development with Maven. [10]R. Rogers, Android application development. Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly, 2009. [11]W. Lee and K. Mittal, Beginning Android application development. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley Pub., 2011. [12]M. Burton and D. Felker, Android application development for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012. [14]G. Ponnappa, "Project Stakeholder Management", Project Management Journal, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. e3-e3, 2014. [13]D. Torres Milano, Android application testing guide. Birmingham, U.K.: Packt Pub., 2011. [16]S. Conder and L. Darcey, Android wireless application development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley, 2010. [18]L. O'Meara and J. Hamilton III, Yii Rapid Application Development Hotshot. Birmingham: Packt Pub., 2012.

Humevent free essay sample

The Cornell Fine Arts Museum offers a unique experience in Winter Park, the museum grasps the only European old masters collection in the Orlando area. I attended this museum because I adore understanding the meaning behind paintings that were discovered years ago. I discovered the artist Francesco De Murals painting this was the only painting that I truly felt engaged with.Francesco De Murals painting illustrates the visitation between Mary and Elizabeth, the significance behind their pregnancies, and the significance of the greeting. To begin with, the painting of Francesco De Muar signifies the miraculous pregnancies of Mary and Elizabeth. The cousins both had two of the most important prominent pregnancies in history. Mary was pregnant with Jesus Christ although she was a virgin. Elizabeth was pregnant with John the Baptist in her old age. Next the painting illustrates the significance behind the greeting between the two cousins. As stated before, when Mary arrived to Elizabethan home, she was pregnant with Jesus Christ, son of God. We will write a custom essay sample on Humevent or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The presence of Mary brought many blessings to Elizabeth and her unborn child. Elizabethan baby leaped in her womb and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit, later giving birth to John the Baptist. The painting selected from Francesco De Muar demonstrates from the Christianity world.The visitation was illustrated from Luke in the Bible. Jesus Christ was born without Original Sin because he was conceived without Original Sin. To celebrate the visitation, today they call it a Feast and is celebrated on July 2; which is the day after the octave of SST John. In Conclusion, the painting of Francesco De Muar was a pleasing master piece. Francesco really made the painting come to life. He made me feel as if I was n the image with Mary and Elizabeth witnessing Mary give life to John the Baptist.

Chicago Will Be Ours essays

Chicago Will Be Ours essays "Their home! Their home! They had lost it! Grief, despair, rage, overwhelmed him - what was any imagination of the thing to this heart-breaking, crush reality of it ... Only think what he had suffered for that house - what miseries they had all suffered for that house - the price they had paid for it!" "The Jungle", by Upton Sinclair, gives a heart-breaking portrayal of the hardships faced by the countless poverty stricken laborers in the slaughterhouses of Chicago. As in the quote above, a struggling family underwent months of back- breaking labor only to lose their house at the drop of a hat. It was a desperate and unmerciful time when an accidentally fractured ankle cost a man his job and his family food and shelter. In the early 1900's, strikes, riots, labor unions, and new political parties arose across the country. The Government, with its laissez-faire attitude, allowed business to consolidate into trusts, and with lack of competition, into powerful monopolies. These multi-mil lion dollar monopolies were able to exploit every opportunity to make greater fortunes regardless of human consequences. Sinclair illustrates the harsh conditions in Packingtown through a Lithuanian immigrant family and their struggles to survive. Ona, a young and frail woman, and Jurgis, a hardworking and strong man and the husband of Ona, come to America with some of their family to find work and to make a new and better life for themselves. With everyone finding employment right away, the family begins their lives in America with optimism, enthusiasm, and ignorance. Taking a huge risk, they purchase a small rickety house. Slowly, they awaken to the harsh realities of their surroundings. There's the mortgage to pay, interest on the mortgage, food, clothing, shoes, and coal that needs to be bought, but there just wasn't enough money to pay for it. Antanas, the father of Jurgis, and the women and children trudged out into the cold and h ...

Male and female consumer buying behaviours Essay

Male and female consumer buying behaviours - Essay Example Two California companies, Jan Stuart and Inner-Face also launched men’s lines during the 1980s that flopped. â€Å"Skin treatment lines for men have come and gone, because the population just wasn’t ready.† Said Pamela Baxter, VP-Marketing at Aramis. But the expanding number of over-35 men led Aramis execs to believe that there is now a legitimate men’s market. Aramis recently launched Lift Off!, an alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) product for men. The overall men’s cosmetic market is now too tiny to count, Baxter said, but Aramis estimates Lift Off! could eventually account for as much as 12% of sales. However, it is still undecided on an overall marketing strategy. â€Å"It’s easier to sell a man if a woman is with him,† said Baxter. Aramis has two radio commercials in test in Kansas City, Dallas, and Miami. One targets men, and the other is aimed at women (Campbell, 2000). Men are often introduced to skin lotions by their wives or girlfrien ds. When Beauticontrol, a Dallas-based direct-sales cosmetics company, introduced an AHA product called Regeneration last year, â€Å"We had wives writing to us saying their husbands were using the product and loved it,† said Ed Hookfeld, director of product marketing. The company packaged the same lotion in a gray and black box, shot a new ad campaign featuring CEO Dick Heath, and renamed the product, Regeneration for Men. Wendy Liebmann, president of New York-based WSL Marketing, said there is a potential for growth in men’s cosmetics, but cautioned against expecting dramatic sales increases.† You’re talking about educating somebody who washes their face with soap and shaves,† she said (Campbell, 2000). Chad Schexnyder of New Orleans remembers how it used to be; approaching the counter of a local drugstore with a bottle of Noxema in his hand, the cahier accosted him. â€Å"This is for women,† she said with a dismissive air. â€Å"I’v e never seen a man buy Noxema.†

The Book of Kells and its influence on the State of Arizona Research Paper

The Book of Kells and its influence on the State of Arizona - Research Paper Example It contains full pages of extraneous decoration for the canon tables; symbols and text of the evangelists Matthew (the Man), Mark (the Lion), Luke (the Calf) and John (the Eagle); the opening words of the Gospels; the Virgin and Child; a portrait of Christ, and complex narrative scenes such as the earliest to survive in gospel manuscripts which corresponds the arrest of Christ and his temptation by the Devil. The word Christ has been abbreviated with letters Chi Rho in medieval manuscripts and Chi Rho page is the most famous page in medieval art which introduces Matthew’s account of the nascence. However, the book is not a full copy of the Vulgate and contains a number of variations from the Vulgate and also some uncorrected errors. It is assumed that around 30 folios of the text had been lost in the medieval and early modern periods and some pages are deteriorated.3 According to experts, the handwriting differs throughout the text therefore the artwork seemed to have produced by at least three different artists.4 Today the manuscript contains 340 folios with 330 by 250mm dimensions, and scriptures are written with a range of pigments including yellow, red, green, purple and black. The manuscript is believed to have created by Celtic monks in year 800, but the date and origin of the book has been a controversial issue. The widely accepted belief is that the text creation might have started at Iona from where it was brought to Abbey of Kells, when Vikings invaded the island of Iona, where the artwork might have been continued to be undertaken. The text was revered at Kells as a souvenir of Saint Columba throughout the medieval periods. The Book of Kells is the considered to be one of the finest manuscripts and described as â€Å"the chief treasure of the Western world†. The Annals of Ulster record stealth of the book in year 1006 and that it discovered again after many years, stripped off its ornate gold. Around 1653, the Book of Kells was sent to Dublin, Ireland for safety concerns and after few years it was brought to Trinity College, Dublin where it has been on display in library over there. The text has been bound in four volumes, since 1953, of which two volumes can commonly be seen in library, one opened to display a major decorated page, and the other to show two pages of script.5 A quote of Sir Edward Sullivan demonstrates the concept of how mind-bending the artwork of The Book of Kells: "The finest draftsmen of the entire world have tried to recreate the Chi-Rho page, and have failed." Anyone in today's modern world could not recreate it as it takes an ineffable artist working in the Middle Ages to create something.6 However, in 1951, the first facsimile of the Book of Kells was produced by a Swiss publisher, Urs Graf Verlag Bern, in black-and-white photographs and color reproductions as well. Second facsimile in full color was produced in 1974 by photographers Thames and Hudson in Dublin, and included all the full-p age detailed illustrations and also an ornamentation representative section in the manuscript. In the 1980s, Faksimile-Verlag Luzern produced with permission from Trinity College,

How White People Became White Essay Example for Free

How White People Became White Essay Abstract Biologically speaking, it’s just as possible for a given white person in Florida to have genetics similar to his neighbor down the street as it would be for the same white person to have genetics similar to a black person in Nigeria. We could just as easily disregard skin color and pay attention to hair and/or eye color. Sociologists make this claim because they argue that the definition of what constitutes a race is something that is arbitrarily decided by society. Additionally, what it means to classify yourself or someone else as a particular race carries social meaning. Sociologist claims that race as a biological concept does not exist. However, the consequences of classifying someone as a certain race as certainly real enough. It needs to be said, though, that not every discipline agrees that race is merely a social construct. Forensic psychology absolutely identifies at least three racial categories. Some geneticists and epidemiologists also recognize race as a legitimate biological category. Race can be biological and socially constructed at the same time. The big difference is sociologists emphasize social definitions and meanings, rather than the biological aspects of race. By the eastern European immigration the labor force has been cleft horizontally into two great divisions. The upper stratum includes what is known in mill parlance as the English-speaking men; the lower contains the â€Å"Hunkies† or â€Å"Ginnies. † Or, if you prefer, the former are the â€Å"white men,† the latter the â€Å"foreigners† (Barrett Roediger, 1995). Skin color (whiteness, blackness, yellowness, etc. ) remains a concern in the late 20th century, not because it advances the mission of multiculturalism, helps us to understand different people, or allows us, as individuals to congratulate ourselves on our â€Å"color blindness,† but because skin color has been used to rank order people for practical things like jobs, promotions, loans, and housing (Condit Lucaites, 1993). Whiteness refers to a historical systemic structural race-based superiority (Philip C. Wander). You might think that because skin color was so central to the law, that â€Å"whiteness† and â€Å"blackness† were carefully defined and easy to understand. They were defined by law, but they were not easy to understand in practice. The inferior were, by God’s will, destined to be enslaved by the superior. Slave property became totally identified with people who happened to have black skin, the color that had always horrified the West (Kovel, 1984, p. 21). Abraham Lincoln believed in the racial superiority of white people, although he felt blacks should be paid a fair day’s wage for their work. People in the South thought he was an abolitionist in disguise. The confusion and the horror surrounding these complexities emerged, after the Civil War, in Jim Crow laws designed to keep the â€Å"races† apart. The law, pressured by the leaky nature of racial categories, devised a â€Å"one drop† theory-if you had one drop of â€Å"non-white blood† in your veins, you could not qualify as white. Throughout our history, â€Å"whiteness† has legally speaking, been a form of property (Harris Wander 1971). In the twentieth century, these fears gained a great deal of social legitimacy thanks to the efforts of an influential network of aristocrats and scientists who developed theories of eugenics—breeding for a â€Å"better† humanity—and scientific racism. Key to these efforts was Madison Grant’s influential Passing of the Great Race, in which he shared his discovery that there were three or four major European races ranging from the superior Nordics of northwestern Europe to the inferior southern and eastern races of Alpines, Mediterranean’s, and, worst of all, Jews, who seemed to be everywhere in his native New York City (Brodkin). Creating a separate ethnic category within the racial category of White seemed to solve the problem of how to count Hispanics without racializing them as non-Whites, as it had done in 1930 (Neil Foley). To identify oneself today as a â€Å"Hispanic† is partially to acknowledge one’s ethnic heritage without surrendering one’s whiteness—whiteness with a twist of salsa, enough to make one ethnically flavorful and culturally exotic without, however, compromising one’s racial privilege as a White person. The majority of Mexicans in the United States were therefore recognized by the census, if not the courts, as non-Whites. Although having their whiteness restored did not lessen discrimination, the Mexican government and Mexican Americans fully understood the implications of being officially or legally recognized as a non-White group (Foley). Segregation statues consistently defined all those without African ancestry as â€Å"whites. † Chinese and Mexicans in Texas were thus White under state laws governing the segregation of the races (Foley). After World War II, a French reporter was asked, â€Å"If there are any Negro problems? † The author replied, â€Å"There isn’t any Negro problem; there is only a white problem. † By inverting the reporter’s question, Wright called attention to its hidden assumptions—that racial polarization comes from the existence of blacks rather than from the behavior of white, that black people are a â€Å"problem† for whites rather than fellow citizens entitled to justice, and that unless otherwise specified, â€Å"Americans† means â€Å"white† (Lipsitz). Whiteness is everywhere in U.S. culture, but it is very hard to see. White power secures its dominance by seeming not to be anything in particular. † Race is a cultural construct, but one with sinister structural causes and consequences. Conscious and deliberate actions have institutionalized group identity in the Unites States, not just through the dissemination of cultural stories, but also through systematic efforts from colonial times to the present to create economic advantages through a possessive investment in whiteness for European Americans (Lipsitz). References Wander, P. C. (1971). The savage child: The image of the Negro in the proslavery movement. Southern Speech Communication Journal, 57, 335-360. Condit, C. , Lucaites, J. (1993). Crafting equality: America’s Anglo-African world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Roediger, D. (1991). The wages of whiteness: Race and the making of the American working class. New York: Verso. Lipstiz, George. (1998) The Possessive Investment in Whitness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

A More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experiment

It’s Time for a More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation The debate about using animals for medical testing has been raging for years. The struggle always seems to be between extremist animal rights activists who believe that animals should never be used for research, and scientists who believe that any use of animals is acceptable. There are a growing number who argue that there must be a reasonable middle ground. I contend that there must be a significant decrease in the number of animals used by humans to further human goals. I will give a historical account of animal use, provide some statistics about animal use, present some arguments against the use of animals and present Singer's view as well as my own. To conclude I will present a new idea that has become important to the animal protection movement, paving the way for more moderate discussion concerning animal welfare. Animals were used for the study of the life sciences in ancient Greece. To learn about body functions scientists would cut into a live animal to observe the processes that were occurring. Animals have been used for centuries to help researchers understand the various organs of the body and their functions as well as to hone their surgical skills (jhsph). In the 19th century there was a rise in biomedical research and a subsequent rise in the number of animals used in experiments. Then came the birth of the animal rights movement in a large scale. Bentham's question of whether or not animals can suffer became the rallying cry of the animal protection movement at the time. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Great Britain and in the United States was created in the 19th century... ...you can have longer, fuller looking lashes. Then consider the alternatives. Lists of companies that use animals for testing are published on the web. Ask questions about what is happening in the basement of this very building. I'm not advocating the complete abolishment of testing but rather, a responsible outlook on the types of testing done and the alternatives. WORKS CITED * "Alternatives to Animal Testing on the Web." http://altweb.jhsph.edu/  Ã‚  Ã‚   * Burne, Jerome. "Animal Testing is a disaster." The Guardian. 24 May 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/ * "Questions and Answers about the Animal Welfare Act and its Regulations for Biomedical Research Institutions." USDA. http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/regsqa.htm * "Research Animal Use - Types Numbers and Percentages." The Humane Society of the United States. http://www.hsus.org/

Education policy Essay

Security, quality education, access to healthcare, prospects of a reasonable job on merit and sound economy are the ingredients to be provided by the state to its citizens to run the state and the society smoothly. Growth of successful nations is denoted particularly to the education. There was a time when people believed that higher education should be available to people of all social classes and, obviously, it was freely available to all who wanted it. The fact that it is not, that public education was once available and now it is very hard to access is indicative of deep problems in Pakistan. Encouraging colleges and universities to raise their own resources by charging higher fees has clearly excluded a significant section of students belonging to poor sections of the society. Education in Pakistan is now so expensive that poor can’t even imagine of their children becoming doctors and engineers. Our education system is passing through a very bad phase now and it is regarded as perhaps amongst the poorest in the world. Cream of the Pakistani brain is either becoming idle due to non-availability of ever rising cost of education or going to other countries. UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS Article 1 provides; every child has the right to have equal access to an education, irrespective of their color, creed, nationality, ethnicity, or social and financial status, so they may obtain gainful employment and contribute to the growth of their society, being born free and equal in dignity and rights. Life for a common man in Pakistan in this so called â€Å"democratic† regime has already become difficult owing to the all-round price rise across the country. Inflation, combined with policies of privatization, has caused a complete deterioration in living standards of the people. Frankly speaking, there is no such thing as democracy in Pakistan. This type of â€Å"democracy† has often left the common man in constant struggle for survival. Majority of Pakistanis are living in poverty and unsustainable economic conditions; when they are struggling for their livelihood education loses its utility in their eyes and it becomes far from their desire. But for the riches and powerful corrupt politicians, things are very rosy. Pakistan is suffering terribly for that, with socio-political and economic crises strewn all over the society like a straw hut in a typhoon. Lack of good education and unemployment in Pakistan would contribute many social ills, including crime, prostitution, and the break down in law and order. In Pakistan, providing education to the masses had always been state responsibility. Now there has been a major push for the private provision of educational services. Moreover, corrupt politicians, feudalism, injustice are such problems which have further pressed the most pressed people of the country. Education is a tremendous tool for social change as well as an opportunity out of poverty traps. People trapped in the lower classes have trouble climbing out of it because they lack the tools to do so, because they live in a feudal society that actively works to keep them there, and education can be a form of escape hatch. But Education System in Pakistan In Human development Report Pakistan is placed at 136th position for having just 49. 9% educated population. In addition to that, Pakistan is ranked at 113th out of 120 registered UN members according to the research conducted by UNESCO et. all. Some of the very basic flaws of the education system in Pakistan contribute to the economic, ethnic and sociopolitical crisis within the country. Flaws of Education System in Pakistan Firstly, the education system of Pakistan is based on unequal lines. Medium of education is different in both, public and private sector. This create a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments. Such a distraught infrastructure is a basic cause of high illiteracy rate in Pakistan and high drop out rates in rural areas and public school. Secondly, regional disparity is also a major cause. The schools in Balochistan (the largest province of Pakistan by Area) are not that much groomed as that of Punjab (the largest province Of Pakistan by Population). In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29. 5% in males and 3% in females. The third major cause of flawed education system in Pakistan is gender discrimination. The current primary school ratio of boys and girls is 10:4, which is a cause of huge concern. For the last few years there has been an increase in the growth of private schools. It is believed that Pakistan is among the most prominent states affected by gender discrimination. That not only harms the quality of education in Pakistan but create a gap among haves and have nots. Fourthly, the lack of technical education is a biggest flaw in the education policy that has never been focused before. Therefore, less technical people means low standard of education. Fifthly, the allocation of funds for education are very low. It is only 1. 5 to 2. 0 percent of the total GDP. It should be around 7% of the total GDP. At that budget allocation, the illiteracy rate in Pakistan would not decrease but rather increase. The federal and provincial governments need to cut down their expenditures in other areas and spend a bigger proportion of income on education. Moreover, the quality of education in most of the public schools and colleges is well below par; the teachers in government schools are not well trained. People who do not get job in any other sector, they try their luck in educational system. They are not professionally trained teachers so they are unable to train a nation. Quality of teaching needs special attention in rural areas where the teachers lack in all departments. In America, Europe and most of the developed countries, the emphasis of the states is on developing virtual education systems i. e. provision of education through online networks. The idea of online education is gathering momentum and many online institutions have been set up which offer online courses and online degrees. The Higher Education Commission and Education ministry need to focus on developing a strong online education network so that students through out the country can benefit. Universities such as Harvard, Berkley and MIT are offering online courses and degrees. It reflects the importance of online education in today’s modern high tech world. Finally, Poverty is also another factor that restrict the parents to send their children to public or private schools. So, they prefer to send their children to Madrassas where education is totally free. The government has to make changes to financial infrastructure to improve the situation. Bank loans for education purposes should not be interest based as it discourages the people of Pakistan to acquire loans. Education loans are offered at low rates through out the world and it enable people to acquire quality education. Social awareness regarding all these issues need to be spread and we, the people of Pakistan have to work hand in hand with the government authorities to improve the current system. Our children should not be deprived of their basic right to acquire knowledge. All these issues contribute to high illiteracy rate, which in turn result in economic crisis in shape of high unemployment rate and below-par quality of labor. Moreover, the country suffers on social, political and technological front! There are hundred other problems which need attention but the core-issues need to be addressed as soon as possible. You can read my article Pakistan’s Educational System which is an overview of the education infra-structure within the country. In today’s world, the benchmark for excellence is education. Moreover, if a country has a distraught academic infrastructure, the chances to survive in current competitive world are petite. The illiteracy rate in Pakistan is alarmingly high which calls for critical attention. The federal and provincial governments need to work together towards elimination of flaws of education system in Pakistan. The first time I thought about education and its significance to this society was when I went on a field trip to a school set up by an NGO in the late 1990s. It is now a rightly famous NGO but back then during my sixth grade field trip it just seemed like a project of a group of cranky Karachi businessmen who had decided to spit against the wind of the government’s non-interest in providing education to its people. These rich grouches had  gotten together in the chaos of 1995 Karachi and seeing the government more interested in massacring hard-boiled militants than provide social services, they decided to simply pool their own money and build their own schools. How benevolent of them. I would love to see these rich men’s tax receipts. The citizens of a country shouldn’t be dependent on the benevolent charity of rich men. Through their own democratic political process, citizens must enforce upon their richest members the income taxes necessary to fund an education system that reaches every child in the state. The fact that Pakistanis have not done so points towards the weakness of their political system in dealing with its population’s educational needs. There is no real shortcut from the state actually enforcing a tax system that extracts the adequate revenue needed to fund the creation of a school near every human settlement in Pakistan. The goal I have described of having a school near every human settlement in Pakistan, is what Pakistan is obligated to do under its current international treaties and the simplest and most straightforward way it can be done. It is certainly not impossible. Pakistan has managed to make sure that no human settlement lacks a mosque. The same needs to be done for schools. Where we went wrong Nationalisation of schools, as was done by the Z. A. Bhutto administration, was a shortcut that cannot be used, and was actually instrumental in ruining government schools. The provincial governments that ran education departments became overstretched then to the point of breaking. The schools that were nationalised saw the prospect of future capital and human investment in them pointless, as the former owners were now dispossessed of their old stake in the schools. Good teachers left, rather than become government employees to be posted in far flung places, and the lack of good teacher training colleges, a necessity unacknowledged up until recently, saw little competent replacement. By nationalising the missionary (Christian), faith-based (Muslim) and private schools, an unwieldy, unplanned expansion of Pakistan’s school system reduced the status of government school teachers to the corrupted, incompetent, ineffective place it finds itself in today. Teachers do not come to classes, and if they do, they are ill-prepared to teach. It becomes difficult to weed out and penalise underperforming teachers because their status as government employees prevents them from being penalised as they would be in the private sector. As much as this rhetoric may sound similar to the United States, Pakistan’s teachers’ unions continue to shelter wildly incompetent teachers, who beyond being simply bad at teaching, many times do not even show up. Anti-participatory environment We are not helped either by large class sizes, low teacher to student ratios, non-production of teachers in a sufficient quantity and quality by the low number of Pakistani teacher-training colleges. Central to this remains the criminally low expenditure on education by Pakistan, and the failure to collect or divert enough revenue to the education sector. Taking the education emergency of Pakistan seriously would mean finding means to increase the amounts spent on education in Pakistan, on a war footing. Students cannot themselves push for an effective learning environment. Despite the fact that some students actually do want to learn, the environment that exists in classrooms, does not brook dissent. This discourages students from bringing up flaws in their educational setting. This anti-participatory environment in classrooms is facilitated by excessively large class sizes, which discourages teachers from having more individualised interactions with students. This anti-participatory trend in classrooms is complemented by an anti-democratic trend in schools, where no voting is done to elect new prefects or monitors, rather the relevant students are appointed by the school administration. Giving students an opportunity to actually vote for their school leaders might inculcate democratic and participatory values in them at an earlier age, and teach them the responsibility of making their own decisions. If and when these students reach Pakistani universities, they can adequately recognise the entrenched authoritarianism accumulated in many of Pakistan’s universities over the last three decades. Student politics This persistent anti-democratic trend within Pakistan’s educational establishments has reinforced the low academic quality of these institutions. There is little legitimate input from the student bodies on how their education is conducted. Since the 1980s student union elections have been either banned or delayed, witnessing unrest in a violent country like Pakistan ripple into campuses as violence, as opposed to measured  debate. The situation turned chaotic in the 1990s when the general mayhem of the city of Karachi coincided with violence on the Karachi University campus. The presence of such violence made the students of that decade disinterested in participatory politics. This suited the authoritarian and bureaucratic administrations of varsities, as well as the sclerotic, unelected leadership of Pakistan’s political parties. They did not mind that the students of Pakistan slid into political apathy. However, the importance of student politics was re-kindled in the 2007 lawyer-led movement against the dictatorship of General Musharraf. The importance of student politics was even acknowledged by the government that won against Musharraf in 2008, when it lifted the ban on student and trade union elections. However, the twist in the tale has been the glaring domestic democratic deficit of this government. The anti-participatory atmosphere on campuses has not lifted as no memorable student elections have been held. Neither have any well-publicised trade union elections been held. And most significantly, no internal party elections have been held in any party that maintains a decisive number of seats in parliament. What the lack of student democracy has to do with Pakistan’s state of education is that there is no feedback from students, who are the objects of education. There is no diminishment in the cruel authoritarian atmosphere of Pakistani government classrooms, where teachers, in negligent enough environments can still use sticks to punish students. I never really thought about education in society as a child. That would have been expected of any 11 year old. But when I visited a third grade NGO school classroom in the late ’90s and saw another 11 year old struggling with phrases I would read just for fun, it hit me how serious the problem of illiteracy was for Pakistani society. In a misbegotten decade as that one, beyond the Gordian knot we had witnessed of Karachi’s bloody politics, the reality of children’s mis-education struck me as a crueler fate, a dire issue that had to be resolved immediately. That’s because these ill-educated children would not remain children much longer. They would soon be badly-educated adults. And if this cruel act of omission by Pakistani society was not amended quick enough, then one more generation would see their adulthoods wasting away under the 21st century curse of illiteracy. Tax the rich, teach the kids. We have an education emergency on our hands. The Education System of Pakistan is divided into five levels 1. Primary level (Class 1 to 5) 2. Middle level (Class 5 to 8th) 3. Secondary level (S. S. C) 4. Intermediate level (H. S. C) 5. University level (Graduation, Masters and Research) Another division of Education System in Pakistan according to the School System 1. 1.  Public Schools or Government Schools These schools are managed and financed by the government. Unfortunately, the majority of the schools are in poor condition.  » There is no any merit system; teachers and other staff are appointed by the ministers on their own wishes.  » There is no any accountability; a large number of GHOST SCHOOLS AND GHOST TEACHERS are listed in the documents. They are receiving funds and pays, but, in reality they did not exists.  » In Rural areas, the buildings of public schools are mostly held by Waderas and Feudal. They use them as marriage halls, otaks, bethaks etc. â€Å"Public schools are the nurseries of all vice and immorality. † (Henry Fielding) 1. 2. Elite Class Schools (private schools) Due to badly failure of government in providing the Education, the Elite Class Education System in Pakistan got successes very quickly. Today, even poor prefer to send their child in these private schools but because of high fee structure many aspirants are unable to part this Education System. It is generally accepted that, the standard of Elite Class Education System is more reliable and first-rate than Public Schools and Madarsas. There is accountability, transparency and checking system. Generally, the students of private schools are more competent than those of public schools and Madarsas. The government should take lessons from this Education System. These are successive models for the government i. e. CITY SCHOOL, BEACON SCHOOLS, PAK-TURK SCHOOLS etc. 1. 3. Madarsas Madarsas are the largest NGOs of the world. Today in Pakistan about 8000 Madarsas are working. They provide not only Education but also accommodation and food. They provide Islamic as well as worldlyEducation. Mostly, poor parents who are unable to educate their child prefer this Education System. The government should introduce the reforms for the Madarsas and improve their standard. This will be helpful in two ways. Firstly, it will provide free of cost education to poor child. Secondly, it will lessen the burden the government. Before the 18th Amendment, the EducationSystem in Pakistan was the responsibility of Federal Government. The Ministry of Education at Federal level was responsible for formulating Policies, Planning and Promotion of Educational facilities across the country. But, after the passing of 18th Amendment, the responsibilities of Education System are divided among the Federation and the Provinces. The responsibilities of the Provinces 1. To set the Curriculum 2. To set the Syllabus 3. Standards of Education up to Grade 12 (F. Sc, H. S. C, I. Com, etc). 4. Islamic Education The responsibilities of Federation are following 1. Planning and Policy 2. External Affairs; Signing, implementation and monitoring of Bilateral and Multi-lateral Educational Agreements, Pacts, Protocols, MoUs 3. Controlling of Libraries, museums, and similar institutions 4. Federal agencies i. e. FATA 5. Special Studies 6. Inter-provincial matters and co-ordination. † 7. Legal, medical and other professions. 8. National planning and national economic coordination including planning and coordination of scientific and technological research. 9. National Education Policy and clear cut Domain over the following acts. 1. 1. Centres of Excellence Act 1974 2. Area Study Centres Act 1975 3. Pakistan Study Centres Act 1976 4. National Book Foundation Act 1972 5. Fed. Board of Intermediate & Sec Education Act 1975 6. Federal Directorate of Education Isb. [Article 142 (d)] 7. Federal Supervision of Curricula, Textbooks and Standards of Education Act 1976 8. National Education Foundation Ordinance 2002. Source: http://www. defence. pk/forums/national-political-issues/125588-education-system-pakistan-good-bad. html#ixzz2PKkMjbtM Flaws hovering over Pakistan’s education system Filed under ISSUES 0 According to the reports of Human development our country is placed at 136th with just 49. 9 percent educated population. There is lack of uniform education system. Private and Govt. educational institutions has different syllabus. The flaws in education system lead to sociopolitical, economic and ethical issues in our society. Our education system is based on uneven lines. Even the medium of education is different in private and public educational institutions. This inequality has divided people among two segments. Such a distressed educational infrastructure is a crucial cause of increasing rate of illiteracy in Pakistan. The regional discrepancy is also main reason illiteracy in Pakistan. The schools in largest province of Pakistan Baluchistan are not establish and sparked as schools in Punjab. There is lack of awareness among people about the significance of education. In FATA the literacy rate is very poor constituting 29. 5% in men and 3% in women. The gender discrimination is also one of the major causes of educational flaws in country which is projecting the boys and girls primary schools ratio 10:4 correspondingly. In the last few years many new primacy schools for girls and boys are established but still there is need to establish more and more primary schools to meet the educational needs of increasing population. In the last decade the growth of private sector schools is tremendously increased. The private schools trend not just harms the quality of education but also created a huge gap between rich and poor. The people of lower class couldn’t afford the fees of private educational schools and colleges. In public schools there is lack of quality education. There is also shortage of required facilities like qualified, train staff, furniture and school buildings etc. Our educational policy doesn’t focus on technical education. There are very few technical institutions and less technical trained people in country. The funds allocated for the education are not sufficient the funds are just about 1. 5 % to 2. 0% of total GDP. Although to promote the education the funds must be about 7 percent of total country GDP. With increased education budget the literacy rate in country will surely increased. The provincial and federal Government both need spend a larger portion of their income on promoting education. Author: Rizwan Ghani Posted On: Tuesday, August 02, 2011 Source/Reference: www. pakobserver. net Total Views :1320| After 18th Amendment, improvement of education in Pakistan to international standards can be done with help of international frameworks including Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and boards like National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). Federal and provincial governments have to address the issue of teaching language (English, Urdu or regional languages), standardization of curriculum, and dealing with two-track education system- Urdu and English medium to take local and international exams. These tested frameworks can bring the progress of decades in Pakistan while saving billions of dollars. Thus, Pakistan needs to adopt appropriate policies to raise education standards, sustain economy and earn foreign exchange. The political, social and education complexities of teaching language can be controlled with help of international frameworks. PISA does not require the member states to change curriculums, teaching languages and teaching methodologies. It allows governments to periodically monitor outcomes of national education systems within internationally agreed framework. It provides a basis for international collaboration in defining and implementing educational goals and skills that are relevant to adult life (professional and social). PISA reading, mathematics and general science frameworks help bring national education at par with international standards. Around half a million 15-year-olds from 75 countries representing 28 million students, participated in PISA 2009 assessments and surveys. Pakistan can use PISA to improving national education standards in all provincial languages (www. pisa. oecd. org). Teaching in local languages can improve Pakistan’s education standards internationally. According to the 2011 Writing Framework for National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) of America, good writing instruction empowers students to acquire new knowledge and to develop critical thinking skills. This is true of writing in all subject areas, not just English language http //www. state. nj. us/education/assessment/naep/results/writing/2011naep. PISA and NAEP framework rubrics allow student evaluations irrespective of language. Learning and teaching in mother tongue is a universal human right recognized by UN. China, was a top scorers in 2009 PISA testing http //www. nytimes. com/2010/12/07/education/07education. html. It shows education in mother tongue does not affect nation’s international competitiveness and national education standards. Since education is a provincial subject, therefore provinces should be free to impart education in local languages, make English and Urdu as optional languages. Provinces can issue degrees with pass/fail with English/Urdu or both to free the country from politics of language. It will allow students to continue higher education without passing compulsory languages, which is a major contributor to school and college dropouts. It will allow the students to join job market who do not wish to continue with further education. The employer can omit or consider language(s) pass/fail status of candidate at the time of employment. On the other hand, the higher education institutions can keep compulsory languages as part of admission criteria. In line with many American universities, a six months period can be given to first year university students to clear compulsory languages. In terms of syllabus, international frameworks and boards can help Pakistan’s policy makers develop required syllabuses, fulfill demands of local market, and meet national education objectives to bring national and international education at par. They allow improving exam testing and incorporating modern technology in reading and writing. In addition, they facilitate linking of national boards to international boards like NBME (www. nbme. org). NBME model allows state medical qualified doctors to take national level exams, upgrade national education and examination standards and link them to rest of the world. It allows tens of thousands of international medical graduates to take United States Medical Licensing Exam without actually studying in American medical colleges. It is equally true for British, Australian and New Zealand medical boards. This model can help cut cost of professional education and fight poverty in Pakistan. Based on these frameworks and models, federal and provincial governments of Pakistan should collaborate to standardize local education and bring it equal to international standards. Islamabad should hold annual summits with China and western countries in line with reports of annual Indo-US higher education summits planning collaboration of universities in both countries. In addition, Pakistan needs to allow private publishers to print books according to the contents of given courses. It will improve concepts of students, standard of books and education. The existing control of federal government on higher education needs to be changed by allowing provinces complete control of universities, scholarships, hiring, training etc. Federal government needs to become a regulatory body instead of controlling authority and facilitates provinces to standardize higher education, provincial education and bring it equal to international levels. Federal education setup should work with ministry of labor and manpower to identify and develop human resource for interprovincial and overseas market, work with foreign missions to issue annual forecast of overseas jobs and train foreign workers and students. Pakistan needs to organize education to cater to local and international needs, attract foreign investors and earn foreign revenue. Reportedly, America and Britain earned $31bn and ? 8 bn in 2010 from foreign students respectively. China is charging $5333 boarding lodging fee annually for a five-year MBBS and one-year internship. It is also offering seven-year specialization degree programs (5 years MBBS and 2 years specialization) in most medical fields. Beijing has gained international recognition through standardized tuition fees, transparency, qualified staff and allowing foreign students and teachers in local universities (http //www.4icu. org/cn/). The Chinese model can help Pakistan cut prices of professional education by 50 percent and train surplus number of local and foreign students to sustain domestic and international needs. In line with China, Pakistan should also take necessary steps to attract flocks of foreign students, interns and investors. Finally, a debate is going on in China on two-track system- one for national college entrance exam (the gaokao) and other for international exams. Imran Khan’s PTI is deliberating about single education system. Pakistan can overcome challenge of teaching language, two-track system (English and Urdu medium) and bringing local education at par with international with help of international frameworks, NBME and more freedom to provinces. | Pakistan’s Education System and Links to Extremism Author: Jayshree Bajoria October 7, 2009 * Introduction * A ‘Dysfunctional’ System * Government Reform Plans * The ‘Madrassa Myth? ‘ * Reforming Madrassas * U. S. Policy Implications. Pakistan’s poor education system has increasingly become a matter of international concern. Lack of access to quality education, which in turn limits economic opportunity, makes young Pakistanis targets for extremist groups, some experts say. The World Bank says nearly half the adult population of Pakistan can’t read, and net primary enrollment rates remain thelowest in South Asia. Experts say the system suffers from inadequate government investment, corruption, lack of institutional capacity, and a poor curriculum that often incites intolerance. In August 2009, chief counterterrorism adviser to the White House John Brennan, summing up a concern held by many U. S. terrorism experts, said extremist groups in Pakistan have exploited this weakness. â€Å"It is why they offer free education to impoverished Pakistani children, where they can recruit and indoctrinate the next generation,† he said. There have been some efforts by the Pakistani government, Western governments, and the World Bank to reform the system, but serious challenges remain. A ‘Dysfunctional’ System According to the Pakistani government’s National Education Policy 2009 (PDF), three parallel streams in education–public schools, private schools, and Islamic religious schools, or madrassas–have â€Å"created unequal opportunities for students. † Of the total number of students going to primary school (grades 1 to 5), 73 percent go to public or government schools, 26 percent to private schools, and less than 1 percent to madrassas, according to the Karachi-based policy research institute Social Policy and Development Center. Within the public and the private sector, there are elite schools catering to a small minority of students. The majority of students attend low-quality private and public schools with poor curriculum, limited teaching materials, and inadequate number of properly trained teachers, or in many cases absent teachers. â€Å"[N]o Pakistani leader has had the courage to implement serious [education] reforms†- Pervez Hoodbhoy The government-mandated curriculum is a major concern for Western observers who say it encourages intolerance and a narrow worldview. Except in some elite private schools, which do not follow the government-prescribed curriculum, all public schools and registered private schools have been required to teach Islamiyat, or Islamic studies, for nearly thirty years. In addition to Islamiyat, â€Å"many scholars have noted that the government curriculum uses Islam for a wide array of controversial ideological objectives,† writes C. Christine Fair in the 2008 book The Madrassah Challenge. A 2003 report on the state of curriculum and textbooks by the Islamabad-based independent Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) said that for over two decades.